A solar water heater's efficiency is measured in several ways, making it essential to understand the different metrics before investing in or purchasing one. The primary goal of a solar water heater is to transform sunlight into heat energy, which is then used to warm water for household purposes.

The most widely used method of rating solar water heaters is based on their thermal efficiency, which typically ranges between 50 to 90 percent. Heat efficiency refers to the system's ability to convert the sun's energy into usable heating. This percentage is usually denoted as a 'collector efficiency' since it assesses how efficiently the solar collector is able to capture and transfer heat from the sun to water. Some manufacturers provide better efficiency performances by emphasizing on higher heat transfer, effective insulation, and smaller heat loss during transfer and circulation methods.

Another critical metric is the overall total efficiency, commonly expressed as a seasonal performance factor, or SPF. This metric serves as a comprehensive and reliable method to evaluate a solar water heater's performance over an entire year by taking into account factors such as thermal quality, storage tanks, heat exchangers, and solar collectors' stability. The SPF is an important element to consider while shortlisting solar water heaters, as it offers a comprehensive view of a system's performance after considering various, but varying conditions, across all seasons.

Additionally, the first cost and lifetime support expenses can significantly impact the final outcome of using a solar water heater. A system with highly initial costs but a low operating cost will be more competitive in regions with ample sunlight. However, a system with a lower upfront cost but higher ongoing maintenance costs may not provide the savings desired, making a comprehensive evaluation necessary before making a decision.

Ultimately, it's crucial to consider various metrics such as collector efficiency, overall system efficiency, upfront costs, and running expenses while choosing the most suitable solar water heater that matches your climate, usage, and financial requirements. This careful evaluation will enable you to make an informed decision, guaranteeing that your investment in a solar water heater yields the optimal possible returns in terms of efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental advantages.